一株椭圆小球藻对微囊藻生长的竞争抑制研究

采用Chl b/Chl a比值指示2种藻相对数量的方法研究了一株椭圆小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea)与铜绿微囊藻(M icrocystis aeruginosa)之间的生长竞争关系。结果表明,分别在20和30℃条件下,BG-11培养基中和发生水华的天然湖水中小球藻的生长均远高于微囊藻。在低光照下,小球藻也同样具有较高的生长竞争能力。小球藻不是通过产生毒害物质而获得生长竞争优势,2种藻对氮磷吸收利用的研究结果显示:在高氮含量的BG-11培养基中,2种藻对氮的利用无显著差异,但小球藻对磷的吸收能力远高于微囊藻;将BG-11培养基中氮含量减少至原来的1/10,与微囊藻相比,小球藻对氮磷均具有较高的吸收。可见,小球藻是通过竞争氮磷营养而抑制微囊藻生长。因此,利用椭圆小球藻的种间生长竞争优势来抑制微囊藻具有潜在的可利用性。     

Adoption or infanticide: options of replacement males in the European starling

The behaviour of a male bird towards a potential mate and her clutch may depend both on his expected paternity and on the likelihood that she will produce a replacement clutch if he commits infanticide. In this study we evaluate the choices made by replacement male European starlings Sturnus vulgaris. By removing males before and during laying, we induced other males, mainly neighbours, to mate with the reproductively active females. When the original male was removed before laying, a new male adopted the subsequent clutch in 14 out of 15 cases. When ten females were widowed during their laying period, replacement males never adopted their clutches. The paternity of replacement males was a function of when they replaced the former male. When replacement occurred more than 3 days before egglaying, the new male fathered nearly all offspring; when it occurred the day before laying, the new male still fathered more than every second young. When the original male was removed during his mate’s laying period, in five out of ten cases a replacement male committed infanticide by throwing out the eggs, but this only occurred in one out of 15 cases when removal took place before laying. The evidence for infanticide actually being committed by the replacement male was circumstantial. Four out of six of the females affected by apparent infanticide produced replacement clutches in which the male presumably had higher paternity than in the original clutch. In all cases, the male adopted the replacement clutch. In five cases when the original male was removed during laying, the neighbours neither adopted the brood nor committed infanticide, although they sometimes were seen courting the widowed female and copulating with her. These cases occurred later during laying than those were males comitted infanticide. The time from infanticide to the laying of the replacement clutch tended to increase as infanticide was committed later in the laying sequence. We conclude that strategies of potential replacement males are influenced by their expected paternity in the current brood and the probability that the female will produce an early replacement clutch. Received: 10 March 1995 / Accepted after revision: 28 October 1995     

植物对氮、磷去除效果及克藻效应的研究

于夏季，在实验室和莫愁湖现场，开展了苦草和美人蕉对氮、磷去除效果及克藻效应的研究，结果表明，无论是在现场还是实验室，苦草和美人蕉对总氮、总磷都有明显的去除效果，且随着时间的增加，去除率也随之增大。在实验与现场条件，美人蕉与苦草对总氮和总磷的去除率之间没有显著差异。苦草和美人蕉都对蛋白核小球藻和铜绿微囊藻两种藻类表现出显著的抑制作用，但在实验与现场条件下，美人蕉和苦草对两种藻类的抑制效应存在着显著差异，而对于藻种则二者均表现出一定的选择性抑制作用。     

不同营养模式下固定化斜生栅藻和普通小球藻氨氮去除能力对比分析

微藻培养耦合污水处理是一项极具潜力的绿色生物技术,具有污染物减排和资源化的双重效应.为明确不同微藻固定化后对NH₄+-N去除的差异及优势,以斜生栅藻和普通小球藻为研究对象,以自由生长为对照,通过5 d的批次培养试验对比分析了2种固定化微藻不同营养模式下对NH₄+-N污水的适应性及其生长特性.结果表明:①对比自由生长,固定化生长可有效提升斜生栅藻在自养和异养模式下的NH₄+-N去除能力,2种模式下最大去除率分别为98%和53%,而在混养模式下,最大去除率则从100%降至86%.②固定化生长对普通小球藻NH₄+-N去除率的提升较弱,仅在自养模式下发挥正效应,最大去除率可升至37%,在混养模式下,其自由生长优势强于固定化生长,当C/N为10时,NH₄+-N第4天即可完全去除.③固定化生长并未改变混养模式下2种微藻生长对ρ(COD_Cr)的依赖性,而该效应在异养模式下并不明显.④除自养模式外,固定化生长均略低于自由生长,并且普通小球藻的生长速率也显著高于斜生栅藻.研究显示,斜生栅藻单个细胞对NH₄+-N的去除能力优于普通小球藻单个细胞,斜生栅藻污水培养的适应性更强,并且固定化自养模式最佳,而普通小球藻固定化优势微弱.      

兰州市沙尘天气与痤疮门诊量的时间序列

研究沙尘天气、非沙尘天气下颗粒物（PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀）对痤疮门诊量的影响,并进行性别、年龄分层研究,筛选敏感人群.收集了2013~2017年兰州市沙尘期与非沙尘期3家三甲医院痤疮门诊量资料、大气颗粒物及气象数据,采用基于泊松分布的分布滞后非线性模型（DLNM）,控制气象因素、季节性和长期趋势、星期几效应等混杂因素,分析沙尘期与非沙尘期颗粒物对痤疮门诊量的影响及滞后效应.结果表明：沙尘期时,兰州市3家三甲医院痤疮日均门诊量为26人次,范围3~54人次.非沙尘期时痤疮日均门诊量为37人次,范围1~89人次;单污染物模型显示,PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀均在滞后第6d （lag6）时效应量达到最大值,其浓度每增加10μg/m³,痤疮门诊量的超额危险度（ER）及95%可信区间（95% CI）分别为1.065（95% CI：0.260~1.877）、0.355（95% CI：0.018~0.693）、0.310（95% CI：0.054~0.567）,PM_2.5对痤疮门诊量的影响最为显著;性别及年龄分层发现,性别分层中PM_2.5对女性的影响有统计学意义,其浓度每增加10μg/m³,痤疮门诊量增加1.077（95% CI：0.124~2.039）;年龄分层中,0~18岁组受PM_C、PM₁₀影响显著,19~24岁组受PM_2.5、PM₁₀影响显著,各颗粒物对25~34岁组及≥35岁组效应无统计学意义.在非沙尘期时,PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀不引起痤疮门诊量增加.双/多污染物模型显示,分别调整其他污染物后,PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀对痤疮门诊量的影响与单污染物模型类似,仍具有统计学意义.兰州市沙尘天气下大气颗粒物（PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀）可使痤疮门诊量增加,对女性及青少年影响显著.     

淡水绿藻的光合碳酸氢盐利用探讨

为了探讨藻类对碳酸氢盐的利用,采用pH漂移实验技术,辅以氧测定技术和抑制剂的抑制实验,研究了斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的光合无机碳摄取速率(PCU)和净光合速率(NPS).结果表明,PCU对pH的曲线上存在明显的转折点(简写为pHTP),在pH超过PHTP后存在第2个PCU峰,求此峰的平均值并以PCUsc表示,可以作为表征藻类碳酸氢盐利用的参数.蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻的PCUBC值分别为269.41和175.98μmol·g-1·h-1它们的平均NPS(pH为4.8～11.0)分别为477.5和495.9ttmol·g-1·h-1.随着碳酸酐酶抑制剂AZ(acetazolamide)浓度的增加,PCUBC减小;当AZ达到1.2mmol·L-1时,蛋白核小球藻的PCUBC减小到0.随AZ浓度增加,蛋白核小球藻PCUBC减小的速度比斜生栅藻的快.AZ和阴离子交换抑制剂DIDS(4,4'-diisothiocyanatoetilbene-2,2'-disuffonic acid)对蛋白核小球藻的PCU和NPS的抑制作用大于斜生删藻.AZ和DIDS对2株藻的PCU的抑制均大于对它们NPS的抑制.2株藻具有高的PCUBC值,都是强碳酸氢盐利用者.     

Cultivation of Chlorella sp. HQ in inland saline-alkaline water under different light qualities

• Optimal growth of Chlorella in inland saline-alkaline water was achieved by blue LED. • Lipids of Chlorella sp. HQ were mainly composed of C16:0 and C18:2 under various LEDs. • The BiodieselAnalyzer^© software was used to evaluate the Chlorella biodiesel quality. • Chlorella sp. HQ was a high-quality feedstock for biodiesel production. Inland saline-alkaline water can be used for the low-cost cultivation of microalgae, but whether algal biomass under various light sources has the potential to produce biodiesel remains to be developed. Herein, the influence of different light-emitting diode (LEDs) light colors (blue, red, white, mixed blue-red, and mixed blue-white LED) on the growth performance, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition of Chlorella sp. HQ cultivated in inland saline-alkaline water was investigated. The highest algal density was obtained under blue LEDs at the end of cultivation, reaching 1.93±0.03 × 10⁷ cells/mL. White LEDs can improve biomass yield, total lipid yield, and triacylglycerol yield per algal cell. The main fatty acid components of Chlorella from inland saline-alkaline water were palmitic acid and linoleic acid. The BiodieselAnalyzer^© software was used to predict algal biodiesel quality by estimating different quality parameters. The cetane number, kinematic viscosity, and density of Chlorella biodiesel were 51.714–67.69, 3.583–3.845 mm²/s, and 0.834–0.863 g/cm³, respectively. This further proved that the Chlorella biomass obtained from inland saline-alkaline water has the potential to be used as a high-quality biodiesel feedstock.     

小球藻表面疏水性的研究

用烃水两相体系对小球藻的表面疏水性及其随环境条件变化进行探讨的．结果表明,二甲苯水两相体系适于用来研究小球藻的表面疏水性．受培养时间,光照条件和温度、营养条件,ｃ（Ｈｇ２＋ ） 和ρ（Ｃ６Ｃｌ６） 等环境污染物胁迫的影响,小球藻的表面疏水性发生性质不同的变化．对小球藻表面疏水性发生变化的物质基础及其生态学意义进行了讨论．     

商品氯氰菊酯农药对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应研究

研究了氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长、细胞内含物(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖)及抗氧化酶类(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD)、膜脂氧化产物(丙二醛,MDA)的影响.结果表明,在氯氰菊酯暴露下,藻细胞的生长受到不同程度的抑制,且抑制程度随氯氰菊酯浓度的增大而增大,氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻生长的72h半效应浓度(EC50)为4.89mg·L-1.藻细胞所有生理生化指标对氯氰菊酯响应迅速,在暴露初期较为敏感,24h后趋于平稳.其中,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量上升,中等浓度组(3.2,5.6mg·L-1)上升趋势最为显著.SOD活性则呈现出低浓度(1.0,1.8mg·L-1)促进、高浓度(>3.2mg·L-1)抑制效应.氯氰菊酯可使藻体内丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,氯氰菊酯浓度越高,藻体内MDA含量越高.研究结果表明,对藻细胞SOD活性的抑制及膜脂过氧化可能是氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻产生毒害作用的重要原因.     

缺镁胁迫对普通小球藻光合生理及油脂积累的影响

小球藻是一种重要的生物资源,它在生产微藻燃料、提取生物活性物质以及水环境修复等方面具有广阔的应用,因此研究小球藻的生理生化特性具有重要的意义.镁离子在微藻的生长过程中起到了很重要的作用,不仅是叶绿素结构的中心原子,还是一些代谢途径中关键酶的辅因子.采用批次培养的方法,在对普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)光合自养培养过程中,研究了在缺镁胁迫条件下的普通小球藻的光合生理及油脂积累的变化.结果表明,在缺镁胁迫条件下,普通小球藻的生物量、蛋白含量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量分别降低了20%、43.96%、27.52%、28.07%,而总油脂含量增加了19.60%;普通小球藻的最大光能转化效率Fv/Fm降低了22.54%,而非光化学淬灭qN显著高于正常培养条件.本研究结果表明缺镁胁迫抑制了普通小球藻中叶绿素的合成,从而影响了光合作用的进行,导致普通小球藻生长受到抑制、蛋白质合成受阻,从而使其碳同化进入油脂的合成代谢,增加了普通小球藻油脂含量.